Chapter 5
Staffing, Review, and Approval
5-1. The coordinating draft. When you and the
editor are satisfied that you have done the best job
possible to this point, it is time to solicit comments,
recommendations, and concurrence from users and
interested parties inside and outside your agency.
Before staffing your draft, include at least preliminary
sketches of proposed illustrations keyed to appropriate
portions of the text.
a. Internal staffing. Each agency will establish
staffing requirements to ensure that the publication
represents the position of the entire agency and to
ensure compliance with applicable regulations. To assist
reviewers in keying their comments to appropriate
portions of the draft, number each line in the left margin
of the page. With the proper software, this can be done
electronically.
(1) Staff the drafts of all doctrinal publications
throughout the agency to ensure conformance with
recent studies, operational plans, materiel/organizational
changes, ISAs, developmental and published concepts,
and other applicable documents. The threat portions of
all doctrinal FMs must be reviewed to ensure that they
are current, accurate, and correctly classified.
(2) If your publication contains new or revised
forms, staff it with the FMO who will ensure that-
(a) The form is essential.
(b) The form meets the design standards in
DA Pam 310-15.1
(c) DA Form 1167 (Request for Approval of
Form) is completed accurately.
(d) The form is coordinated with-
-- The information management control
officer if it establishes an Army or public reporting
requirement (AR 335-15).
-- A privacy official if it is subject to the
Privacy Act of 1974 as specified in AR 340-21.
-- The data administrator for the
approval of standard or proposed data elements
(AR 25-9).
(3) Staff your publication with your installation
security manager if it is classified. Classified doctrinal
and training publications must be reviewed for proper
security markings prior to submission of the draft,
comprehensive dummy, CRC, or CRMs. Under the
TRADOC decentralized printing program, publications
processed for DA print are reviewed for final acceptance
by the TRADOC staff security manager. Publications
with major deviations from AR 380-5 and AR 340-17 will
be returned to preparing agencies for correction.
b. External staffing. You are responsible for deter-
mining external staffing requirements for your
publication in accordance with your agency's policy and
applicable regulations. However, normally limit external
staffing to those agencies that can provide valid and use-
ful input. Table 5-1 is a guide for complying with
external staffing requirements.
Table 5-1
Guide to external staffing
(1) Forward coordinating drafts of publications
requiring integrating center approval to the appropriate
center. Comments returned to you when the review is
complete may include guidance for developing the final
draft.
(2) Forward drafts requiring HQ TRADOC
approval to the appropriate office. If you are changing or
revising a publication, include a fact sheet outlining the
major changes in the draft. After its review, TRADOC
will return the draft so that you can incorporate its
comments. This does not constitute approval of the
publication unless expressly stated. Publications
requiring TRADOC approval must be returned as often
as necessary to obtain that approval.
(3) Coordinate publications listing military
references with the proponents/preparing agencies of
those documents. In the memorandum of transmittal,
request that the proponent validate each reference. Also
request an assessment of the impact of any pending
change or revision to a reference or form that will occur
within 12 months.
(4) Forward drafts of multiservice doctrinal
publications to Commander, TRADOC, ATTN:
ATDO-M, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-5000. The Deputy
Chief of Staff for Doctrine (DCSDOC) will, in turn,
forward the draft to Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations
and Plans (DCSOPS), HQDA, who will staff it within DA.
(5) Coordinate with commands of other services
that have indicated a need to distribute an Army
doctrinal publication within that service using their own
service number. Ask the service command to confirm
the requirement and to provide the service number it
wishes to appear on its copies, as well as the quantity,
fund citation, shipping instructions, and POC. This
information must be provided to USATSC at the time
the DA Form 260 is submitted (see chap 10).
c. Request for review. Include at least the following
information in your memorandum requesting review of
the coordinating draft:
(1) The scope and purpose of the new or revised
publication.
(2) A summary of significant areas or changes,
including a list of additional documents needed by the
users. ARTEPPs and STPs are exempt.
(3) A request that reviewers use DA Form 2028
to comment on the accuracy, relevance, completeness,
and timeliness of the contents.
(4) A request that reviewers avoid editorial
corrections unless ignoring them would seriously affect
the accuracy and validity of the information.
(5) A request that prospective users relate
whether the publication meets their operational or
training needs.
(6) A request for instructional requirement for
U.S. Army schools during the first year following
publication, together with the complete address and
telephone number of the POC.
(7) The date comments are due back to you. The
time required for coordination review depends on the
size and nature of the manuscript. Reviewing agencies
should return comments within 25 to 40 days from the
date of receipt (see table 5-2).
Table 5-2
Estimated staffing time
Double-spaced
Manuscript Pages Time
Up to 150 25 calendar days + mailing time
151-225 30 calendar days + mailing time
226 or more 40 calendar days + mailing time
(8) A statement that failure to respond will be
considered as reviewer concurrence.
(9) Your name and telephone number.
d. Reviewer guidance. Too often, reviewers give
manuscripts only a cursory glance before concurring,
assuming they will get another chance at a subsequent
draft. However, early input is important. When acting
as a reviewer for another agency, adhere to the
guidelines below.
(1) Carefully read the purpose, objectives, and
limitations of the publication for help in evaluating the
manuscript and in formulating effective, constructive
comments.
(2) Do not comment on punctuation, grammar,
and style. The purpose of review is to elicit comments on
the contents' accuracy, relevance, completeness, and
timeliness.
(3) Base comments on fact and not opinion
unless you specify that you are giving an opinion.
Opinions are debatable, but facts are not. Provide a
source or reference to add strength to your proposal.
(4) Include recommended changes, concentrate
on the facts, and avoid allegation of fault.
(5) Clearly state your reasons for every change.
Responding with cryptic comments, such as accuracy,
correctness, and completeness, fails to tell the preparer
the whole story. See figure 5-1 for examples of
unsatisfactory and satisfactory comments.
___________________________________________________________
UNSATISFACTORY
Delete: "... with all aircraft operating, the com-
pany can transport 297 troops and 36 tons of cargo. "
Reason: Inaccurate, [If you explain what is inac-
curate, the SME may be able to rework the statement so
that he or she can retain it.]
SATISFACTORY
Delete: "Usually pasted upon stiff paper"
Reason: A comprehensive dummy page is two ordi-
nary sheets of paper pasted together; the result is a rela-
tively stiff page, but only incidentally.
___________________________________________________________
Figure 5-1. Review comments.
(6) Adhere to instructions for filling out DA
Form 2028. If the manuscript has line numbers in the
margin, use these numbers in the line column of the
form; otherwise, refer to the appropriate line of the
referenced paragraph, subparagraph, or page.
(7) Provide your name and telephone number to
make follow-up by the preparing agency easier.
e. Repeated staffing. Considerable rewriting may be
required as a result of the comments received from
staffing. Consequently, you may have to staff a draft a
number of times before you obtain all required coordina-
tion.
5-2. The final edited draft. Preparing the final edited
draft begins with incorporating the last of the coordina-
tion comments. It continues as the editor ensures the
text is complete, the essential statements are included,
every word is proofread, and the final outline is written.
a. SME responsibilities. In preparation of the final
edited draft, you are responsible for--
(1) Incorporating review comments. One way to
organize the review comments is to reproduce DA Forms
2028, cut the reproduced forms apart by item number,
combine the items that relate to a particular paragraph,
and affix them to large index cards. Sort the cards into
three categories: acceptable, unacceptable, and requiring
resolution. Retain the original 2028 intact for future
reference.
(a) Acceptable comments. Incorporate the
acceptable comments into the draft. Some comments
may simply correct outdated statistics or nomenclature.
Others may add paragraphs of information. In either
case, be sure to consider the implications of such changes
to the organization and consistency of the entire
manuscript. Discuss these implications with the editor.
A mere change in nomenclature, for example, may re-
quire changes to the foreword, the preface, the glossary,
and the index, as well as to graphics still on the drawing
board.
(b) Unacceptable comments. Write a brief
note explaining why you rejected each of the comments
that you found unacceptable. Maintain these notes in
the historical file. Such explanations are not necessary
for the editorial comments you or the editor rejects.
(c) Comments requiring resolution.
-- Be particularly alert for controversy.
Divergent comments may signal unresolved problems or
gaps in doctrine. Bring comments that signal controver-
sy of a substantive nature to the attention of your super-
visor and resolve such issues before publication.
-- If your agency and the reviewing agen-
cy cannot resolve a controversial matter, refer it to your
integrating center. If the integrating center cannot
resolve the matter and you do not include it in the final
draft, list it in a coordination summary and explain why
you do not intend to include it in the publication. Be
ready to provide a copy of the summary to the reviewing
agency upon request. Include a copy of the summary
with the final edited draft of doctrinal and other selected
publications when you forward them to HQ TRADOC.
-- Have the editor assess the validity of
any comments affecting style or expression.
(2) Classifying all applicable portions of the text.
(3) Providing downgrading instructions.
(4) Writing the ISA statement.
(5) Indicating which portions of the text are
covered by which ISAs.
(6) Selecting the appropriate distribution
restriction statement.
(7) Verifying the warning and destruction notices.
(8) Indicating to the editor the need for a
supersession statement and/or a copyright statement.
b. Editorial responsibilities. In preparing the final
edited draft, the editor will--
(1) Ensure that the publication title accurately
describes its concept and contents. When a new
publication is projected on the ADTL schedule, it is given
a tentative title. After you have written or revised the
publication, the editor may find that the tentative title
no longer applies. For example, if the publication has
one or more companion publications, its title should be
parallel in construction with the others. With your
concurrence, the editor can change the title at any time
before the DA Form 260 is submitted. When the DA
Form 260 is submitted, the title on the CRC must match
the title identified on the form. Once the form is
processed, the title is final and cannot be altered until
the publication is again revised or changed.
(2) Recheck the foreword, preface, and
introduction to ensure that-
(a) The foreword, if included, is an endorse-
ment with an appropriate signature block.
(b) The purpose, scope, applicability,
proponency, special considerations, and other
information pertaining to the publication are in the
preface, not the first chapter.
(c) The introduction, if included, provides
background for the subject of the publication.
(3) Ensure all applicable statements are included
and properly worded (see chap 6). The editor will place
them in the draft where they will appear in the final
publication. Those that appear on the cover will
accompany the draft.
(4) Reevaluate the organization if substantial
changes result from coordination. Prepare a final
outline to ensure that-
(a) Format is consistent throughout.
(b) Each level of organization has at least
two subdivisions, that is, two chapters to a part, two
sections or main paragraphs to a chapter, and so forth.
(c) All chapters begin and end alike, for
example, with or without introductions or with or
without summaries.
(d) The subordination of ideas is logical and
consistent.
(e) Titles accurately indicate the material
discussed.
(f) All titles within an organizational unit
are grammatically parallel; for example, if the first main
paragraph heading in a section is a noun phrase, all
other main paragraph headings in that section are noun
phrases.
(g) Subordinate titles do not duplicate or
incorrectly repeat the book title or titles previously used
within the chapter, section, or paragraph. (See paras
4-2b(3) and (4) for discussions of repetition and duplica-
tion.)
(h) If any paragraph at a particular organiza-
tional level has a title, all like paragraphs do also.
(i) Laundry list format, including ornamenta-
tion and capitalization, is consistent throughout the
draft.
(j) Except in rare instances, laundry lists do
not appear within laundry lists. Where they do, they are
clearly distinguished by a different ornament or indenta-
tion.
(k) The text does not lead into graphics with
the following or a colon.
(5) Review the text to ensure that--
(a) The text contains no abbreviations (see
para 7-2).
(b) Acronyms comply with paragraph 7-3.
(c) Military publications with numbers are
cited by number only, not title. Military publications
without numbers are cited by title. Although the text ref-
erence does not include the publication date, dates are in-
cluded in the list of references.
(d) Multiservice publications cited in Army
publications are cited in text by Army number only. All
service numbers are included in the list of references (see
fig E-1 for format).
(e) Nonmilitary publications are cited by
title.
(f) All words or portions of text to be
emphasized, italicized, or quoted are clearly and consis-
tently marked.
(g) Copyrighted material is properly
attributed (see chap 6).
(h) Compound words are spelled according
to the dictionary, the rules of punctuation, and the
guidance in chapter 7.
(6) Compile or complete the glossary after you
have identified key words in the manuscript.
(7) Compile the references after you provide the
appropriate categories for each one.
(8) Ensure the glossary, references, and index
appear in the proper order and review them and the
appendixes to ensure that--
(a) Whenever possible, appendixes use the
same format established in the body for titles and text.
(b) Except for job books, the publication con-
tains a glossary of all acronyms, abbreviations, and pos-
sibly terms appearing in the publication, listed
alphabetically.
(c) The references are divided into sources
used, documents needed, and readings recommended
where applicable (see chap 6 and app E). Citations in-
clude publication dates.
(d) When included, nonmilitary publications
are listed alphabetically by title.
(e) All ISAs implemented by the publication
appear under sources used, not documents needed.
(f) All publications from which copyrighted
material has been used are included in the list of refer-
ences.
(g) The index contains key terms used in the
publication, not just titles.
(9) Recheck the RGL whenever the contents
have been substantially revised.
(10) Check the wording of the table of contents
(TOC) against the manuscript to ensure that--
(a) It reproduces exactly the wording,
capitalization, and punctuation of titles in the text.
(b) It includes the titles of all parts and chap-
ters. Section titles and main paragraph titles are option-
al; however, section titles are included when paragraph
titles are.
(c) It lists all appendixes, lettered
sequentially.
(d) Glossary follows the last appendix.
(e) References follows the glossary.
(f) Index follows the references.
(g) Questionnaire, if applicable, follows
the index.
(h) The -R forms, if applicable, are listed
numerically but have no page references.
(11) Prepare a final outline showing all
organizational elements. This outline will serve as a
final check to ensure accurate, logical, parallel,
consistent, and complete organization. It will also assist
the VIS in designing or formatting the publication.
5-3. The final approved draft. The draft is complete
only when all final approvals are obtained. At that point,
the final edited draft becomes the final approved draft.
a. When the editor is satisfied that all requirements
have been met, the supervisory editor will review and
approve the completed draft. The supervisory editor is
responsible for all work done by the editorial staff and
must ensure uniformity of style among them. The
supervisor's approval, therefore, should be an integral
part of the process.
b. Because you are responsible for the contents of
the draft, you must also review and approve it. You are
also responsible for securing all necessary internal and
external approvals of the contents.
(1) Allocate 1 to 2 weeks for your review and
whatever additional time is required to obtain necessary
approvals. During this time, the editor will provide a
preview copy to the VIS to discuss and resolve potential
design problems.
(2) Once you are satisfied with the final draft,
forward it, if required, to the external approval authority
(HQ TRADOC or the integrating center) for its approval.
For TRADOC approval authorities, see TRADOC Reg
11-7.
(3) Be sure to advise the editor if staffing and
approval time is expected to exceed the time allotted in
the milestone schedule. Final coordination and staffing
must be done promptly since delay at this time will
impact on the milestone schedule and negate the
projected completion date.
c. To obtain DA and other necessary approval for
multiservice publications prepared by the Army, follow
the guidelines below.
(1) When the final draft manuscript is approved
at the preparing agency, forward it for final HQDA and
multiservice approval in accordance with TRADOC Reg
11-7. Forward it prior to starting the CRC or
comprehensive dummy and CRMs.
(2) Prepare a memorandum of transmittal and
include, at a minimum, the following information:
(a) The projected date for completing CRC or
CRMs.
(b) POCs, including telephone numbers, for
the services that have agreed to the content, for ex-
ample, agencies or commands of the U.S. Air Force, U.S.
Navy, and/or U.S. Marine Corps. This information will
assist in expediting the final staffing at departmental
level in Washington, DC.
(c) Your name and telephone number.
(d) Verification of the assigned multiservice
publication numbers.
(e) Verification of need for a multiservice
publication.
(f) Departmental command requirements for
Army-sponsored doctrinal publications.
(g) The coordination summary.
d. Once you have secured necessary approvals, you
may not alter the contents without agreement of the ap-
proval authority. However, this does not preclude a final
edit for accuracy and consistency.
e. When the draft has received all required ap-
provals, the editor will request that you sign it and
designate it as the Final Approved Draft. A sample cover
sheet for obtaining approval of the draft is at figure 5-2.
The editor will give the original of the draft to the VIS
with a copy of the final outline, provide a copy to you,
and keep a copy.
__________________________________________________________
FM XXX
PUBLICATION TITLE
Approved:________________________
Writer
________________________
Date
Approved:________________________
Editor
________________________
Date
Reviewed: ________________________
Supervisory Editor
________________________
Date
FINAL APPROVED DRAFT
(Copy__ of__)
__________________________________________________________
Figure 5-2. Sample approval page.
5-4. The page proofs or comprehensive dummy.
When the page proofs or the comprehensive dummy is
complete, the VIS will provide copies for the editor and
for you to review and approve. TRADOC Form 152-R at
the back of this regulation is the editor's review checklist.
a. Final CRC or CRMs will not begin until the page
proofs or the comprehensive dummy is approved.
Program 1 to 2 weeks for this review; longer if external
approval is required. Any but minor changes at this
stage will seriously impact on the production schedule
and may negate the agreed-upon completion date.
b. The editor will consolidate the review comments.
You, the editor, and the VIS should meet and discuss the
resolution of any problems before the VIS makes any
changes. If the VIS incorporates changes into the CRC
or CRMs without revising the page proofs or the com-
prehensive dummy, the editor will review those changes
in the CRC or CRMs.
5-5. The revised CRC or CRMs.
a. The SME may exercise the option of reviewing
the revised CRC or the CRMs.
b. The editor will always review the revised CRC or
the CRMs to ensure that--
(1) All agreed-upon changes resulting from
review of the page proofs or the comprehensive dummy
have been made. If the page proofs or the comprehensive
dummy was omitted, the CRC or the CRMs are reviewed
using TRADOC Form 152-R at the back of this
regulation.
(2) Placement of copy follows sequence of final
edited draft, page proofs, or the comprehensive dummy.
(3) Any typeset copy appearing for the first time,
such as on the cover, in the final graphics, and in the
index, is accurate.
(4) A page number has been added to the text
introducing any graphic that appears more than one
page away from its introduction.
(5) Page numbers in the TOC and page
references in the text are correct.
c. Once the CRC or CRMs have been completed and
reviewed for quality control, they are forwarded to
USATSC for print and distribution (see chap 10).
Part Three
Format and Style
Chapter 6
Format
Section I
Basic Requirements
6-1. General. Format pertains to a publication's
general makeup. However, a distinction is made
between design format and text format. Design format
refers to the visual and typographic layout, including
size, binding, and treatment of graphics (see chaps 8 and
9). Text format, on the other hand, specifies a publica-
tion's essential elements, such as a title page, a preface,
and a glossary (see table 6-1 for a list of essential and
optional publication components). It specifies where
those elements will appear in the book and, in certain
instances, what they will contain. Format requirements
apply whether you prepare CRC or CRMs. They ensure
that publications are not only complete when presented
for printing, but that they achieve a degree of stan-
dardization.
Table 6-1
Doctrinal and training publication components
6-2. Covers.
a. Include the publication number, title, and the
words Headquarters, Department of the Army on all
covers. Do not include the name of the preparing agency.
b. Show the month and year of issue on the covers
of bound publications. Also show the publication num-
ber, title, and month and year of issue on the backbone
when the publication contains 100 or more pages (see
fig 9-2 for an example).
c. Include the appropriate distribution restriction
statement and warning and destruction notices on the
covers of both classified and unclassified publications.
Refer to AR 25-30 for additional guidance.
(1) The distribution restriction statement
indicates the extent to which the publication is available
for release and dissemination. Refer to AR 25-30 for the
appropriate statement to place on your publication.
(2) Publications that contain export-controlled
technical data must carry a warning notice. Consult
AR 25-30 for the correct wording.
(3) place the destruction notice below the
warning notice. If a warning notice is not required, place
the destruction notice below the distribution restriction
statement. Select the appropriate notice from AR 25-30.
d. Include the highest applicable security classifica-
tion at the top and bottom of covers of classified
publications. Also show the classification authority and
downgrading instructions:
Classified by________________________.
Downgrade to_________on ____________.
e. When a publication requires special security
markings, see AR 380-5, chapter 4, for full instructions;
see Department of Defense (DOD) 5200.1-PH for ex-
amples. AR 340-17, chapter 4, outlines procedures for
marking for official use only (FOUO) material.
f. FM covers will be prepared with black lettering on
white stock and contain no illustrations. Exceptions are
the five capstone manuals which may be illustrated. TC
covers will be prepared with black lettering on the
preparing agency's choice of paper color and contain no
illustrations. Covers of training publications may be
illustrated.
g. ARTEPP covers may include reproductions of
branch or corps insignia. However, covers may not
display school or similar insignia.
h. The front covers of STPs will spell out the media,
for example, Soldier's Manual, Soldier's Manual and
Trainer's Guide, Job Book, or Military Qualification
Standards Manual. For SMs, TGs, and JBs, show the
MOS number and title and the applicable skill levels.
For MQS, show the branch title, branch code, and func-
tional area title and number.
(1) The outside back cover will show the
publication inventory number (PIN) in the lower right
corner, with a 3/8-inch margin from the outer edges of
the publication. The printer will set the PIN.
(2) In addition to the publication number and
month and year of publication, the backbones of
perfect-bound SMs will show the short title and the
words Soldier's Manual for MOS [number].
(3) The backbone of combined perfect-bound SMs
and TGs will show the words Soldier's Manual, the skill
levels, and the trainer's guide MOS number.
i. Job book covers will be the same as for SMs and
TGs with the following exceptions:
(1) Front covers will read DISTRIBUTION
RESTRICTION (Refer to instructions on back cover).
The entire distribution restriction statement will appear
on the back cover.
(2) Instructions for noncommissioned Officer
(NCO) supervisors will appear on the inside front cover
and read exactly as shown in figure 6-1.
Figure 6-1. Job book inside front cover
6-3. Front matter.
a. Foreword. If an FM or TC has a foreword, place
it on the inside front cover and limit it to one page. If it
is classified, show on the top and bottom of the page the
highest classification applicable to the foreword.
b. Title page. Always make the title page the first
right-hand page in the publication and include on it the
TOC. Figure 6-2 shows a sample title page.
(1) Also include on the title page the publication
number, the appropriate heading and publication date,
the title, the distribution restriction statement, warning
and destruction notices (see para 6-2c), and the same
classification information required on the cover (para
6-2d).
(2) If the publication is a supersession, place an
asterisk before the publication number in the top right
corner and a supersession statement as the last item on
the page. Cite the publication number and date of each
superseded publication. If the publication supersedes
only parts of another publication, cite the chapter(s),
section(s), or page(s) it supersedes, but not a specific
topic. Do not refer to changes since they are considered
part of the publication being superseded.
(3) ARTEPP and STP title pages must include
the publication number in the top left corner, for
example, Army Training and Evaluation Program
11-405-25-MTP or Army Training and Evaluation
Program 11-405-25-Drill; Soldier Training Publication
6-13DII-MQS or Soldier Training Publication 5-52E-JB.
(4) SM and TG STPs must include the skill
levels, if applicable.
(5) Title pages of MQS STPs must include the
branch code and title.
(6) Job books must include all information
required on the cover (para 6-2i). This information will
appear in the upper center of the page.
Figure 6-2. Sample title page
c. Table of contents. You may title the table of con-
tents simply Contents.
(1) In the table of contents, list the preface and
the titles of part chapters, and appendixes. Also list the
glossary, references, index, and, when applicable, the
questionnaire. You may list both sections and
paragraphs, or you may list only sections. However, if
you list paragraphs, you may not omit the sections.
Duplicate the wording of all titles exactly as they appear
in the text. Do not list the foreword.
(2) If paragraphs are numbered, place their
numbers in front of the paragraph headings as shown in
the following example. If the publication is divided into
parts, include their titles but not their page numbers.
Page
Part One - DEFENSES
Chapter 1 Air Defense 1-1
1-1. Combat Imperatives 1-1
1-2. Organization 1-4
1-3. Command and Control 1-9
(3) Job books do not require a table of contents.
d. Supplemental tables of contents. You may
include supplemental tables of contents such as lists of
tables and figures or sequentially numbered tasks. If you
do, begin the supplemental tables on a separate page
immediately following the regular table of contents and
use the same format. Use an appropriate heading for
each, such as List of Illustrations.
e. Preface. Include a preface in every publication on
the first blank page following the table or tables of
contents. At a minimum, explain in the preface the
publication's purpose, its intended audience, and its
intended use (also see para 4-3a(1)). Identify any ISAs
being implemented (see (2) below). Also include the
proponent statement and all other applicable statements
after the body of the preface.
(1) Proponent statement. Use the following:
The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC
[or the applicable agency]. Send comments and
recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recom-
mended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms)
directly to [give complete address, including atten-
tion line and zip code of preparing or other
applicable agency].
(2) ISA statement. List all ISAs the publication
implements, as follows:
This publication implements the following interna-
tional agreement(s): [list by number, title, and
edition].
(3) Neutral language statement. When you use
masculine nouns or pronouns to refer to people
generally, include the following:
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine
nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
(4) Copyright statement. When you have
obtained permission to use copyrighted material
(see para 3-3d), include the following:
This publication contains copyrighted material.
(5) Copyright acknowledgment. The copyright
release may require that you acknowledge the author or
publisher of the copyrighted material you are using,
specifying a particular format and location. Honor such
requirements. However, when a format and location are
not specified, place the acknowledgment immediately
following the body of the preface. Include the title
Acknowledgment(s) in the same typeface and style used
for main titles. If the preface has no other paragraph
titles, make Acknowledgments parallel to the title
Preface. If you have more than one acknowledgment, list
them in the sequence of their appearance in the text.
f. Introduction. An introduction to the publication
is optional. When used, it will begin on a separate page
immediately preceding the first chapter and be titled
Introduction.
6-4. Body.
a. Chapters. Start chapters on new pages. In loose-
leaf publications, begin the first page of each chapter on
a right-hand page. To avoid blank pages in bound books,
begin chapters on the first available left- or right-hand
page.
b. Titles.
(1) Title parts, chapters, sections, and main
paragraphs. Titles for subparagraphs are optional.
However, if you title one subparagraph, you must also
title equivalent subparagraphs of the same superior
paragraph. You may title subparagraphs at the second
level or lower even though you do not title their superior
paragraph. See the following example:
Tactical training exercises based on TES have three
systems. Optimal training requires the correct use
of all three in an integrated and comprehensive
training program.
The Simulation System. MILES is a family of
battery-operated, gallium. . . .
The Control System. TES research and national
training center. . . .
The Training Management System. Units that
have not yet mastered basic combat. . . .
(2) When paragraphs are not numbered, use
their titles to clearly signal the levels of organization.
Make titles at each level distinctive. Place them in a
logical, readily apparent pattern (see example in fig 6-3)
and be consistent. Ensure that the design format
conforms to the organization presented in the outline of
the final edited draft.
Figure 6-3. Levels of organization
c. Citations. When referring to numbered publica-
tions and forms in text, do not include their titles. For
exceptions in multiservice publications, see paragraph
6-8k.
d. Quotations.
(1) Distinguish quoted material from other body
copy by adding quotation marks or by indenting it on
both the left and right sides. Use ellipses to show
omitted portions of the quotation.
(2) Give the precise source, including page
number, in a footnote or in-text note. Base your choice
on the number of times you need to document sources.
For example, in a publication that cites only one or two
sources you might prepare in-text notes or parenthetical
notes. In a publication that cites numerous sources,
footnotes or even chapter endnotes might be more
appropriate.
e. Paraphrases. When you restate a source's ideas
in your own words, do not use quotation marks or double
indentation. However, do give the precise source, includ-
ing page number, in a note according to the guidelines in
d(2) above.
f. ISA identification, Indicate that a particular
chapter, section, or paragraph of a book implements an
ISA by inserting a boxed statement immediately
preceding it (see the example below). Present the state-
ment in a different typeface and do not include the
edition number. If, however, the entire publication im-
plements an ISA, individual annotations are not
required.
This chapter implements STANAG 2101
g. Laundry lists.
(1) When you create a laundry list from a series
that appears in the middle of a paragraph, do not indent
the remaining sentences as though they were a new
paragraph. To maintain the continuity of the paragraph,
maintain normal leading before and after information
presented as a laundry list. An example follows:
Exercise planners develop schedules that flow logical-
ly, provide realistic estimates of the time required, and
ensure all training objectives are covered. Such schedules
indicate where each event will occur and who will
participate.
becomes
Exercise planners develop schedules that-
-- Flow logically.
-- Provide realistic estimates of the
time required.
-- Ensure the coverage of all training objectives.
Such schedules indicate where each event will occur and
who will participate.
(2) Because the items in a laundry list are part of
the text, do not emphasize them, for example, by using
bold type.
(3) Because the lead-in, the laundry list, and any
sentences that follow are part of the same paragraph, do
not split the lead-in and the listed items between pages.
If the list must be divided between pages, include at
least two of the listed items on each page.
(4) Use the same ornaments to mark laundry list
items throughout the publication, with the following
exceptions:
(a) You may number sequential steps in a
laundry list, for example, Step 1, Step 2.
(b) In the rare instances where a list within
a list might be unavoidable, distinguish between the two
by using distinctly different ornaments or indentation.
An example follows. However, because consecutive
laundry lists, laundry lists within laundry lists, and
chapters that consist mainly of laundry lists tend to
weaken coherence, avoid them.
Members of the ADTL team include-
o SMEs responsible for writing effective and
useful publications.
o Editors who work closely with SMEs and
ensure that-
-Material is grammatically correct.
-Material is not duplicated.
-Publications meet the standards.
o VISs who convert edited material into
publications that present the information in a
comprehensible manner.
(5) See paragraph 7-35 for guidance on
punctuating laundry list lead-ins.
h. Graphics.
(1) Copy that is boxed, screened, or otherwise set
apart from the text becomes graphic material. Before
agreeing to converting portions of text to graphic
material, consult with the editor to ensure that the
organization of the text remains intact.
(2) Except for mood-setting illustrations and
special segments (see the glossary), identify all graphics
by numbers and captions or by captions alone. For
consistency, treat all tables and figures alike with or
without numbers. If figures and tables are numbered,
keep the numbering consistent with the page numbering
system, either two-part or consecutive (see para 6-6).
(3) When identifying figures, make the location
of captions, the style and size of type, and the
punctuation consistent. Make the wording
grammatically parallel (see chap 4).
(4) A graphic included in the body of the
publication should appear as close as possible to the page
where it is introduced. In the rare instances when a
graphic cannot appear where introduced or on a facing
page, cite the page number when introducing it, for
example, see Figure 9-1, page 9-3.
(5) Do not interrupt the continuity of a
paragraph by splitting it with a graphic.
i. Danger, warning and caution notices. Present
notices alerting readers to danger of death or permanent
injury, warning them of immediate personal injury or
damage to equipment, or cautioning them about similar
possibilities as shown in figure 6-4.
Figure 6-4. Format for danger, warning, and caution notice
j. Forms. If a DA form is included in the text, the
form must be filled in. The word example or sample may
be superimposed over it.
k. Classification. If the publication is classified,
mark the top and bottom of each page with the highest
classification applicable to that page; mark unclassified
pages UNCLASSIFIED.
6-5. Back matter. Start each organization component
on a new page. In loose-leaf publication, begin the first
page for each component on a right-hand page. To avoid
blank pages in bound books, begin the appendix, glossary,
references, and index on the first available left-or right-
hand page.
a. Appendixes.
(1) Refer to each appendix in the text.
Ordinarily, letter appendixes in the same order that you
refer to them, that is, make the first reference A, the
second B, and so on.
(2) Do not letter an appendix if it is the only one
in the publication. Simply label it Appendix, not
Appendix A. However, in a publication that uses
two-part page numbering number the pages of a single
appendix as A-1, A-2, and so on.
(3) Whenever possible, format appendixes the
same as chapters, treating titles and paragraph headings
comparably. When you have an appendix that is graphic,
such as a table, example, or chart, or if an appendix
comprises a lengthy excerpt, format it in the most
convenient way, ensuring continuity among the titles.
b. Glossary. Include a glossary in all publications
except job books. Combine the acronyms, abbreviations,
definitions, and letter symbols into a single comprehen-
sive list and place it after the last appendix. Capitalize
only as appropriate and use the following format:
IRM intermediate restorative material
kilovoltage the unit of electrical pressure which
forces the current through a circuit
knoop hardness a measurement of the relative
hardness of brittle materials such as glass,
porcelain, and tooth enamel
kVp peak kilovolts
lb pound
c. References. Include a list of references in all
publications except job books. Place it immediately after
the glossary and title it References. List all the sources
pertinent to the publication, including publication dates.
(1) Divide the list of references as follows:
sources used, documents needed, and readings
recommended. See appendix E for information about
each category and for a sample reference list.
(a) Follow the title Sources Used with the
statement These are the sources quoted or paraphrased
in this publication. If the list of references contains only
sources used, include the statement but not the heading.
Refer to appendix E for those kinds of items you should
not include as sources used, but may include as docu-
ments needed or readings recommended
(b) Follow the title Documents Needed with
the statement These documents must be available to the
intended users of this publication. If the list of refer-
ences contains only documents needed, include the state-
ment but not the heading.
(c) Follow the title Readings Recommended
with the statement These sources contain relevant sup-
plemental information. If the reference list consists
solely of readings recommended, include the statement
but not the heading.
(2) If subdivisions contain numerous citations
and they fall easily into separate categories, such as
Army publications and Air Force publications or FMs
and TCs, you may subdivide into the appropriate
categories.
(3) Do not cite sources as both sources used
and documents needed. If a source qualifies for both
categories, list it in documents needed and place an
asterisk before the listing. Explain the asterisk as
follows: This source was also used to develop this
publication.
(4) Verify titles and dates of all sources and
present them exactly as they appear on their title pages.
Do not rely on index listings for the accuracy of a title.
Include the date of the source used.
(5) Cite military sources with alphanumeric
designations, to include forms, in alphanumeric order.
Cite other sources in alphabetical order by title. See the
following example. Consult The Chicago Manual of
Style, chapter 16, for further guidance.
AR 600-200. Enlisted Personnel Management System.
Update 13.20 July 1984.
DA Form 260. Request for Printing of Publication.
May 1984.
FM 100-5. Operations. May 1986.
(S)TC 24-5. Communications Procedures for Have
Quick Systems (U). July 1988.
"Encirclement Operations." Michael H. Vernon.
Military Review. September 1986: 11-17.
The Implications of Glasnost for Strategic Planning.
Morgan F. Kleist. Heidelberg, FRG: Institute for
Strategy Analysis, 1988.
(6) You may include brief descriptions or
comments about a source. An example follows:
Pocket Pal: A Graphic Arts Production Handbook. New
York: International Paper Co. Revised every few
years to keep pace with technological advances,
this small guide covers publishing from making
the paper to binding the books. It is a useful
reference for anyone associated with publishing.
(7) When citing technical manuals or other
publications with exceptionally long titles, you may omit
portions of the titles. Indicate omitted portions with
ellipses. Examples follow:
TM 5-3825-221-34P. Direct Support and General
Support Maintenance Repair Parts and Special
Tools List for Distributor, Water, Tank Type;
Truck Mounted, Gasoline Driven. . . 28 August
1984.
TM 9-1 005-206-14&P-1. Operator's Organizational,
Direct Support and General Support Maintenance
Manual . . .for Revolver, Cal. .38. . . . 28 August
1986.
d. Index.
(1) Include an index in each FM and TC. Place it
after the list of references and use the format shown
below. Do not show terms all uppercase unless they are
acronyms.
caution statement, 22
CFX (command field exercise). See exercise.
chalkboards, 38-39
coaching. See also critiquing.
in collective training, 9
in individual training, 4
to improve performance, 71-72
command field exercise (CFX). See exercise.
common task test (CTT), 47
CTT. See common task test
(2) Do not merely duplicate the table of contents
or repeat paragraph titles in the index. Reference and
cross-reference topics and subtopics by page number or,
if applicable by paragraph number. Also cite ISAs to
provide your readers a cross-reference. For more
detailed guidance on preparing indexes, see The Chicago
Manual of Style, chapter 18.
e. Questionnaires. Questionnaires will appear as
separate pages at the end of the publication, each with a
dashed vertical cut-line along the inside edge (see figure
6-5). If the book contains no forms, the questionnaires
will immediately precede the authentication page.
f. Reproducible (-R) forms. If the book contains
reproducible forms, they will appear, in numerical order,
immediately before the authentication page. Blank
forms will not be contained in an appendix nor will they
have headers or page numbers.
g. Authentication page. A sample authentication
page is shown in figure 6-6. Include it as the last page in
the book except in STPs. In STPs, place it on the inside
back cover. Do not give it a page number.
Figure 6-5. Questionnaires
6-6. The numbering system.
a. Publication components.
(1) Use words to number parts: Part One, Part
Two.
(2) Use Arabic numerals to number chapters:
Chapter 4.
(3) Use Roman numerals to number sections:
Section II.
(4) Avoid numbering paragraphs.
b. Graphics. In bound publications using consecu-
tive page numbers, numbered graphics will use
consecutive Arabic numerals through the last appendix.
In publications using two-part page numbers, graphics
will use two-part numbers that coincide with the chapter
or appendix in which they appear, for example, Figure
3-1, 3-2; A-1, A-2.
c. Pages. ADTL uses either a two-part or a consecu-
tive page numbering system (see fig 6-7). Pages will be
numbered only at the bottom, odd numbers on right-
hand pages, even numbers on left-hand pages. Numbers
will be placed at the center or outside edge. Placement
must be consistent, even on pages containing charts or
tables presented sideways (broadside).
(1) Loose-leaf FMs and TCs will use the two-part
numbering system. Bound FMs and TCs divided into
chapters may also use this system, or they may be
numbered consecutively with Arabic numbers, starting
with the title page.
(2) ARTEPPs and STPs (except job books) will
use the loose-leaf numbering system.
(3) Job book pages will be numbered, beginning
with the first page, with consecutive Arabic numerals
centered at the bottom limit of the print area. The
inside front and back covers will not be numbered.
Two-part numbering system
Number front matter with lowercase Roman numerals,
that is, i, ii, iii, iv, and so on.
Number chapter pages with two-part Arabic numerals.
The first numeral identities the chapter, the second
identifies the page, for example, 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 2-2.
Number chapters that start on left-hand pages 1-0,
2-0, right hand pages, 1-1, 2-1.
Number appendix pages with two-part designations. The
first part is a letter identifying the appendix; the
second is the page number, for example, A-1, A-2, B-1,
B-2. Begin numbering appendixes that start on left-
hand pages A-O, B-O, on right-hand pages, A-1, B-1.
A glossary that starts on a left-hand page begins with
Glossary-O; one that starts on a right-hand page
begins Glossary-1.
References that start on left-hand pages begin with Refer-
ences-O; those that start on right-hand pages begin
References-1.
An index that starts on a left-hand page begins with
Index-0; one that starts on a right-hand page begins
Index-1.
Number the pages of questionnaires Questionnaire-1,
Questionnaire-2, and so on.
Do not number the pages of blank reproducible forms at
the back of the book or the authentication page.
Consecutive numbering system
Number all pages with consecutive Arabic numerals
starting on the title page. However, do not show the
number 1 on page 1. Show the page numbers begin-
ning on page 2.
Do not number the pages of questionnaires, blank
reproducible forms at the back of the book, or the
authentication page.
Figure 6-7. Page numbering.
Section II
Joint, Multiservice, and Multivolume Publication
6-7. Joint publications. Joint publications prepared
by the Army will adhere to the format and style require-
ments contained in JCS Publication 1-01.
6-8. Multiservice publications. When preparing a
multiservice publication, apply the following. An
example of a format approved by all four services is at
appendix F.
a. Identify the participating services/commands by
name and service publication number on the cover, title
page, and the first page of the executive summary.
(1) List the services in the following order of
protocol: Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and
Coast Guard.
(2) The order of protocol for the Tactical Air
Forces is the U.S. Air Forces Europe, the Pacific Air
Forces, and the Alaskan Air Command.
(3) When separate Air Force commands are
involved, the order of protocol is the Military Airlift
Command, Tactical Air Command, and the Strategic Air
Command.
b. Limit the foreword to one page and usually place
it on the inside front cover (see exception in e below).
Signatures to the foreword may vary with each publica-
tion.
c. Place the Army's distribution restriction state-
ment and warning and destruction notices on the cover
and on the title page.
d. Locate the title page on the first right-hand page
unless e below applies.
e. If the Air Force participates in the book, it may re-
quire a Tactical Air Forces authorization page. If a
Tactical Air Forces authorization page is used-
(1) Place the foreword on the first right-hand
page and the Tactical Air Forces authorization on the
back of the foreword page.
(2) Place the Army's distribution restriction and
warning and destruction notices on the Tactical Air
Forces authorization page rather than on the title page.
(3) Make the title page the second right-hand
page.
f. Put the table of contents on the title page.
g. Begin the preface on the first blank page follow-
ing the title page. In multiservice publications, omit the
proponent line of the User Information statement.
h. If an executive summary is required, begin it on a
separate right-hand page following the preface.
i. Title the list of references References. List all ref-
erences alphabetically by title and include the date of
publication.
j. Place the Army's authentication on the inside
back cover.
k. When referring to other multiservice publications
in text, refer to them by title, not number, since each one
has separate publication numbers for each participating
service. If the publication has a nickname or if the title
can be conveniently shortened, footnote the first text ref-
erence and indicate that subsequent text references will
use the nickname or short title.
6-9. Multivolume publications. When preparing a
book in volumes, apply the following:
a. Number the publication to indicate that it con-
sists of volumes, for example, FM 10-5-00-1, FM 10-5-00-2,
and so on.
b. Prepare a cover and title page for each volume.
If each volume has a subtitle, include the overall publica-
tion title on each cover and title page. If you subtitle one
volume, subtitle all of them.
c. On both the cover and title page, indicate the
volume number with a Roman numeral, for example,
Volume I, Volume II. If the spine is wide enough, place
the publication number, the overall title, the volume
title, and the volume number on it.
d. Keep the format consistent from volume to
volume.
e. Prepare a separate table of contents for each
volume, List the contents of the entire publication in the
first volume. Preferably list only its own contents in
each subsequent volume.
f. Number parts and chapters consecutively
throughout the volumes. For example, if volume I
ends with chapter 8, begin volume II with chapter 9.
g. If the graphics are numbered, number them
consecutively throughout.
h. Whether the publication uses two-part or
consecutive page numbers, continue the sequence
throughout the entire set of volumes. For example, the
second volume may start with page 13-1 or, if the publica-
tion is numbered consecutively, with page 291.
i. Include a volume number when referring to any
chapter, paragraph, or graphic appearing in another
volume.
j. Compile all appendixes in the last volume.
k. Include a complete glossary in each volume.
i. Place the index for the entire publication in each
volume. Include both page and volume numbers. Select
one of the styles shown below.
BASIC STYLE A BASIC STYLE B
advance guard, I: 18, 27, 88 advance guard I 18, 27, 88
agility, I: 33; III: 245-62 agility I 33; III 245-62
air defense, I: 79; II: 96, 121 air defense I 79; II 96, 121
Chapter 7
Style
Section I
Alternate Word Forms
7-1. Introduction. Alternate word forms are widely
used among the general public. Each occupational
specialty has its standard abbreviations, acronyms, nick-
names, and symbols. Properly used, they are convenient,
concise ways to avoid repetition and to shorten long
phrases. Yet, when they are unfamiliar, inappropriate,
or excessive, they can make comprehension difficult.
They disrupt continuity when they force readers to
pause and decode them. Use them cautiously and only
when they facilitate reading and comprehension.
7-2. Abbreviations.
a. Do not use abbreviations in text except as
explained below.
(1) Some terms traditionally appear as
abbreviations. Examples are Mr and Dr when they
appear with a name.
(2) In technical and scientific works that contain
many measurements you may use symbols for, or
abbreviate, units of measure with numbers, for example,
3'15" and 9 mm.
(3) Equations and tabulated data may contain
abbreviations and symbols (see paras 7-5 and 7-6).
(4) Abbreviate the year when it appears with FY:
FY88. Otherwise, spell out dates in text: 17 July 1981.
b. Abbreviations maybe used in graphics. Most may
appear uppercase or lowercase, so long as they are shown
consistently. They will appear lowercase in the publica-
tion's glossary.
c. Singular and plural abbreviations are usually
identical:
amt amount(s) P page
div division(s) but pp pages
hr hour(s)
km kilometer(s)
d. Do not add periods to abbreviations (see
para 7-37).
7-3. Acronyms.
a. Acronyms are formed from the initial or key let-
ters of compound terms. Except for instances cited in b
below, uppercase each letter:
APC armored personnel carrier
ATGM antitank guided missile
FARE forward area refueling equipment
FSSP fuel system supply point
LAW light antitank weapon
LOPAR lower power acquisition radar
b. Exceptions are
(1) Copyrighted logos or word forms established
by law such as ConEMA for Conveyor Equipment
Manufacturers Association.
(2) Word forms used as proper names or
nicknames such as Aramco for Arabian-American Oil
Company.
(3) Word forms that have become common nouns
such as radar for radio detecting and ranging and scuba
for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.
(4) Combinations such as ACofS for assistant
chief of staff.
c. For consistency, treat military ranks, the designa-
tions for morning and evening, and other comparable
shortened word forms as acronyms, for example, CPT for
captain, SGT for sergeant, AM for ante meridiem or
amplitude modification, and PM for post meridiem.
d. Add a lowercase s to form the plural of most
acronyms: LAWs, MOSs, NCOs, SOPs.
e. Do not add an s to form the plurals of acronyms
whose meanings are plural:
MOUT [military operations on urbanized terrain] are
part of the operational concept.
PSYOP [psychological operations] play an important role
in low-intensity conflict.
PIR [priority intelligence requirements] are essential to
planning the suppression operation.
f. To avoid using a lowercase s in a title that is
otherwise entirely uppercased, write out plural terms in
titles:
IDENTIFYING MILITARY
OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALTIES
instead of
IDENTIFYING MOSs
g. Apply to acronyms the traditional rules for form-
ing singular and plural possessives:
The duty roster is on the NCO's desk.
[singular possessive
The NCO's recommendations are excellent.
[plural possessive
7-4. Nicknames. Nicknames and acronyms can some-
times be confused. Capitalize only the initial letter of a
nickname, but usually uppercase an entire acronym. For
example REFORGER is an acronym, not a nickname,
and should be uppercase.
Patriot REFORGER
Hawk SAM
Have Quick MILES
Have Penny ACE
7-5. Letter symbols.
a. Some letter symbols stand for chemical elements,
units of measure, or quantities. Letter symbols include
those international System of Units (referred to as SI)
designations. Examples are Au for gold, C for Celsius,
and A for ampere. Office file symbols and compass direc-
tions are examples of other letter symbols used in text.
b. Some letter symbols formed by combining upper-
case and lowercase letters, such as mHz, MHz, cGy, dB,
and Au, must appear in uppercase and lowercase
wherever they are located in a publication, even in
graphics. Bring such cases to the attention of the VIS if
the book is to be typeset.
7-6. Signs and symbols.
a. Do not use the following symbols in text:
% " [for inches] [see exception in para 7-2a(2)
and (3)]
# ' [for feet] [see exception in para 7-2a(2)
and (3)]
@ & [except in acronyms such as S&S]
b. Avoid using the solidus (/).
c. If readers are expected to understand technical
symbols, identify them in the glossary.
d. When referring to temperature, gravity, angles,
or coordinates, use symbols: 28oC; 30o 15'20" N. How-
ever, if Celsius, for example, is written out, then write
out the word degrees.
7-7. Usage.
a. Avoid redundancy; for example, do not use HNS
support or PSYOP operations. HNS means host-
nation support; PSYOP means psychological operations.
b. No alternate word form will have more than one
meaning in the same publication. For example, do not
use CP in one place to mean command post and else-
where in the same publication for checkpoint. The
exception is FM which may be used for field manual and
frequency modulated in the same publication.
c. Because the glossary identifies all alternate word
forms, you do not need to identify them in text or in
graphics.
Section II
Capitalization
7-8. Introduction. The basic principle of capitalization
is uncomplicated: Capitalize only proper nouns and ad-
jectives. Because they believe that capitals confer distinc-
tion and reflect personal values, some writers tend to
capitalize all words that seem important to them. How-
ever, indiscriminate capitalization confers little or no dis-
tinction at all. Use the guidelines below for doctrinal
and training publications.
7-9. Organizational elements.
a. Do not capitalize general nouns such as services,
allies, state, federal government, and government.
(1) Capitalize federal only when it is part of an
official title: the Federal Reserve Board.
(2) Capitalize state only when it is part of a title,
when it follows the name of the state, or when it is part
of a nickname: New York State, also called the Empire
State, is the location of Albany State University.
(3) Capitalize allies only when it refers to
members of the political alliances that participated in
World Wars I and II.
b. Capitalize military designations only when they
name specific organizations:
1st Platoon a platoon
12th Battalion advance guard
53d Division but signal element
First United States Army the armies
National Guard theater army
Special Forces reserve components
the reserves
the threat
US forces
Soviet army
active Army
7-10. Ranks and positions. Capitalize ranks and
positions only when they precede names:
General Smith but the commander
President Wilson the president
7-11. Nouns with numbers and letters.
a. Generally capitalize nouns with numbers or let-
ters that designate titles:
Annex B Figure 9-13
Appendix D Part Three
Article III Phase IV
Book III Section I
Chapter 6 Table 2
Chart SB Volume I
Class VI
b. Words such as block, column, item, line, note,
paragraph, and step traditionally appear lowercase in
text.
7-12. Categories of publications and courses. Do
not capitalize general categories of publications and cour-
ses such as concepts, field manuals, training circulars,
soldier training publications, mission training plans,
drill books, interactive courseware, Army correspondence
courses, and Army regulations.
7-13. Component of publications. Do not capitalize
foreword, table of contents, preface, introduction, glos-
sary, references, and index when used as general nouns.
Capitalize them when referring to specific segments of a
particular publication:
A committee of general officers authored the
Preface to FM 25-XX; General Smith wrote and
signed the Foreword. An introduction will not be
necessary. The Table of Contents needs to be
revised to list the new material--chapter 7 and
appendix F. This book needs an index.
7-14. Titles. In book, part, chapter, section, and other
titles in which major elements are initial capped, initial
cap the first and all major elements of a compound:
FM 1-105, Air-to-Air Operations
Rear-Area Protection
Off-Post Activities
Follow-Up Training.
7-15. Nicknames. Capitalize nicknames such as Quick
Fix, Hind, and Blue Force.
7-16. Items of equipment. Apply the standard rules of
capitalization to equipment nomenclature:
Abrams M1 tank
radio teletypewriter, AN/GRC-122
AN/GRC-122 radio teletypewriter
electronic information delivery system
7-17. Programs and systems. Generally do not capi-
talize program or system unless it is part of a title.
Section III
Compounds
7-18. Introduction. Compounds take one of three
forms: open, solid, or hyphenated. They may be per-
manent or temporary. Their use and meaning often
determine how they appear; however, consult the diction-
ary first (see fig 7-l).
7-19. Open compounds. Open compounds appear as
separate words:
bobby trap [when used as a smoke grenade
noun]
crew member smoke pot
decision making smoke screen
hand grenade time frame
land mine time span
machine gun war game [when
make up [when used as a used as a none]
verb]
push button [when used as a weak point
noun]
sand table work load
set up [when used as a verb] work sheet
7-20. Solid compounds. Solid compounds appear in
the dictionary as single words:
logbook
mainframe
makeup [when used as a noun]
setup [when used as a noun]
strongpoint [when referring to a defensive position]
7-21. Hyphenated compounds. Join compounds with
hyphens when indicated in the dictionary or when re-
quired by rules such as those below.
a. Hyphenate compounds formed with bold, better,
best, ill, lesser, and well when they precede the noun un-
less the compound is itself modified:
He is a well-known general.
but
He is a very well known general.
b. Do not drop the hyphen in permanent com-
pounds if they are modified:
She is a very ill-mannered child.
c. Hyphenate words when necessary to avoid
being ambiguous or awkward: bell-like; counter-
countermeasures.
d. Hyphenate two nouns that signify that one
person or one thing has two functions: writer-editor;
clerk-typist.
e. Hyphenate nouns of relatively equal rank when
they are used as compound modifiers: host-nation
support.
f. Capitalize hyphenated compounds when
appropriate (see para 7-14).
7-22. Words formed with prefixes. In the strictest
sense, words formed with prefixes are not compounds.
a. Unless covered by another rule or shown dif-
ferently in the dictionary (see b below), write words
formed with the following prefixes as single words: anti,
co, counter, de, extra, infra, inter, mini, multi, non, over,
para, photo, post, pre, pro, pseudo, re, semi, sub, super,
supra, ultra, un, and under.
antitank postexercise
nontechnical posttest
multiservice preexercise
b. Hyphenate words formed with prefixes when--
-- The dictionary so indicates: co-worker;
de-escalate; de-energize.
-- The second element is a number: pre-1915.
-- The second element is a proper noun or
adjective: un-American.
-- The element to which the prefix is added
already has a hyphen: non-civic-minded group.
-- They are spelled like other words but have
different meanings: pre-position [to place on site ahead
of time]; mis-laid [inaccurate mortar firing].
c. Join open compounds with a hyphen when adding
a prefix: noncode-word; to subhand-receipt.
7-23. Words formed with suffixes.
a. Avoid coining new words with -ize and -wise.
Adding the suffix -ize to nouns or adjectives will form
verbs: hospitalize, verbalize. Adding the suffix -wise to
nouns will form adverbs: clockwise. Both of these suf-
fixes are used to excess, especially in bureaucratic
writing: Partywise, they were Republicans, but that
didn't stop the precinct workers from trying to
reprioritize their values.
b. Join open compounds with a hyphen when adding
a suffix: measuring-cupfuls.
7-24. Permanent and temporary compounds.
a. Consult the dictionary for permanent compounds:
self conscious headgear
two-sided password
b. Hyphenate temporary compounds to avoid
misleading the reader:
air-to-air missile
three day-long sessions
rear-area protection
Section IV
Numbers
7-25. Introduction. Depending on the purpose and
tone of the text, numbers may be expressed as figures or
as words. Because figures are visually different from the
words that surround them, they automatically stand out
in text. In statistical, scientific, and technical texts,
figures are appropriate. In literary texts, all numbers
that can be expressed in one or two words are spelled
out. For ArmyWide doctrinal and training publications,
which fall midway between these two extremes, apply the
guidelines below.
7-26. Numbers expressed as figures.
a. Use figures for numbers of 10 or above:
The sergeant ordered 25 copies of the manual.
b. You may express numbers of a round million or
more in a combination of figures and words:
4 billion but not 7 billion, 362 million
c. Use figures for related numbers when one of
them is 10 or above. However, express any unrelated
number below 10 as a word:
In January, the supply clerk requisitioned 15 desks.
Of these, 9 are double-pedestal desks and 6 are single-
pedestal desks. Of the latter, 3 should arrive in
June, 3 in August. The clerk also ordered two sets
of drawer dividers for each desk.
d. Use figures for dates: 17 July 1981; FY88.
e. Use figures for clock time:
8 o'clock
8 AM or 8 PM
0800
f. Use figures for age:
6 years old
at age 21
g. Use figures for periods of time greater than 10:
14 days but five years
h. Use figures for units of measure:
9 meters tenpenny
6 1/2 inches but three-ply
8 foot-pounds one gross
240 volts
50 horsepower
i. Use figures for reference numbers and serial
numbers:
page 10
paragraph 1-4
lines 2 through 7 or lines 2-7 [also see para 7-30d]
Figure 1
model 153-88A
G-44338
j. Use figures for money:
$100 $95.45
$.85 or $0.85 $25 million
k. Use figures for percentages and decimals:
10 percent
12.5% [only in graphics]
l. Use numerals for degrees (see also para 7-6d):
55.6ºF below zero [see para 7-27f for use of zero]
or -55.6ºF
45ºC or 45 degrees Celsius
0ºF or 0 degrees Fahrenheit
77ºE or longitude 77 degrees east
m. Use figures for negative numbers:
-5 or minus 5
n. Use figures for ratios and scores:
a ratio of 5:7 or 5 to 7 or a 5-to-7 ratio
a score of 23-21 or 23 to 21
60-40 odds
a passing score of 85
o. Use figures for chemical compounds:
C02, H20
p. Use figures for addresses:
room 142
45 Pavilion Place
q. Use figures for chapter numbers:
Chapter 2, Defensive Operations
r. Use figures for fractions unless they are followed
by a phrase starting with of:
1/2 inch but one-third of an acre
s. Use figures to express ordinals in military units.
Exceptions are corps, US Armies, and fleets.
1st Battalion but III Corps
2d Infantry First Army
Sixth Fleet
7-27. Numbers expressed as words.
a. Use words for numbers below 10 unless another
rule applies:
Only five men and seven women stayed at
the station.
Of the 15 students, 3 passed the test.
[see para 7-26c.]
b. Use words for numbers that begin sentences:
Forty men battled the fire.
Thirteen percent was the lowest rate quoted.
c. Do not begin a sentence with a number when
paragraph 7-26c applies.
d. Use words for numbers below 100 preceding a
compound modifier containing a figure:
fifty 12-inch boards but 100 8-inch howitzers
e. Use words for fractions that begin sentences:
Two-thirds of the class passed the text.
f. Spell out zero when used alone:
The audit showed a zero balance
but
The thermometer reading was 0ºC.
g. Use words for indefinite numbers:
in his nineties not his 90s
the late forties
threefold, fiftyfold, one hundredfold
three to four thousand people
thousands of soldiers
h. If a publication is divided into parts, use words to
designate each part: Part Three.
i. Use words to express ordinals in text:
eighth day
twenty-first century
third quarter
Fourth of July
Ninety-first Congress
Fourth Congressional District
7-28. Roman numerals.
a. When organizing a publication using sections,
number the sections with Roman numerals: Section I,
Ammunition.
b. Designate corps with Roman numerals: VI Corps.
c. Use lowercase Roman numerals to number the
front matter of a publication having two-part page num-
bers: i, ii, iii, iv.
7-29. Numbers in titles. For numbers in titles, follow
the rules for numbers in text.
7-30. Punctuation with numbers.
a. Use commas in numbers of four or more digits.
Some exceptions are years, serial numbers, page num-
bers, military time, common and decimal fractions,
telephone numbers, degrees of temperature, and radio
frequencies.
2,400 miles but page 1073
b. Hyphenate unit modifiers containing numbers
unless indicating a percentage:
five-member committee but 5 percent increase
c. Hyphenate fractions expressed in words:
three-fourths majority.
d. Use through instead of a dash to indicate a series
of pages when the page numbers are hyphenated:
pages 3-1 through 3-8 instead of pages 3-l - 3-8
7-31. Repetition of numbers. Do not repeat numbers
in parentheses:
B Company requisitioned two typewriters.
not
B Company requisitioned two (2) typewriters.
7-32. Numbers with shortened word forms. Adhere
to standard spacing and punctuation when using
abbreviations in graphics:
7m for 7 meters
7.62-mm machine gun for 7.62-millimeter
machine gun
FY 88 for fiscal year 1988
7-33. Spacing with mathematical signs and
numerals.
4 x 2 x 8 [space on each side of sign]
-2 + (+3) +1 [no space between sign
and numeral to show positive
or negative quality]
±5 mils [no space to show
tolerance or accuracy]
Section V
Punctuation
7-34. Introduction. Punctuation is to writing what
inflection is to speaking. Like the alphabet itself,
punctuation is part of the writing system--a set of visual
clues that support the syntax of sentences, clarifying the
grammar and intended meaning. The conventions that
govern punctuation are not absolute; they have changed
over the course of time, and they vary slightly by locale
and by occupation. Yet, each punctuation mark has
specific functions established by tradition and need. Like
correct spelling, correct and consistent punctuation is a
necessity, not a luxury.
7-35. Laundry lists.
a. Lead-ins. Punctuate laundry list lead-ins with
either an em dash or a colon. Use an em dash at the end
of an introductory phrase that reads into the elements of
a series. Use a colon when the introductory phrase could
stand alone as a complete sentence, whether or not it con-
tains the words as follows or the following.
b. Elements. Punctuate the elements of a laundry
list appropriately (see fig 7-2 for examples).
7-36. Series elements. Add a comma before the con-
junction preceding the last element in a series of three or
more items:
A division consists of brigades, battalions,
companies, and platoons.
7-37. Abbreviations and acronyms. Do not use
periods with abbreviations and acronyms. Where a
reader might confuse an abbreviation, such as at mean-
ing antitank with the preposition at, write out the word.
7-38. Prefixes. For the use of hyphens with prefixes,
see paragraph 7-22.
7-39. Parenthetical elements. In applying the follow-
ing rules, avoid burying important information in paren-
theses or including unnecessary information just because
parentheses are available.
a. Use brackets around parenthetical elements
within parenthetical elements; however, if referring to
subparagraphs, use parentheses:
The soldier training publication is scheduled
for printing in June. (Anticipated changes in
doctrine [FM XX-X] may alter this projection.)
but
Controllers then conduct after-action reviews
(see para 2b(3)).
b. Do not capitalize the first letter or punctuate the
end of a parenthetical sentence within a sentence:
The manuscript read smoothly (editors would call
it coherent) because it was logically organized.
7-40. Possessives. Do not attribute possession to
descriptive terms such as officers club and instructors
course.
7-41. Numbers. For punctuation with numbers, see
paragraph 7-30.
7-42. Restrictive and nonrestrictive elements. Use
appropriate punctuation to set off words, phrases, and
clauses that may be omitted without changing the mean-
ing of the sentence:
The company commander, Captain Witney,
conducted the training.
[Because the company has only one commander,
omitting the commander's name will not change
the meaning of the sentence; therefore, set it off
with commas.]
The company that is occupying the strongpoint
needs relief.
[Because the force consists of many companies,
the information about occupying the strongpoint
is necessary to identify which company; therefore,
do not set it off with commas.]
The meaning of the acronym TOW was verified.
[The reader needs to know which acronym the
writer has in mind; because it is essential to the
meaning of the sentence, do not set it off with
commas.]
Two members--the chairman and the secretary--
will attend.
[Using commas might mislead readers into
thinking two members in addition to the chair-
man and the secretary would attend.]
BASIC STYLE A
The training program must include--
-- Army leadership techniques.
-- Map reading.
-- Terrain analysis
BASIC STYLE B
A tactical operations center requires equipment
such as the following:
-- maps,
-- telephones,
-- radios, and
-- tables.
BASIC STYLE C
A tactical operations center requires equipment
such as the following:
-- Maps.
-- Telephones.
-- Radios.
-- Tables.
BASIC STYLE D
Required reading includes--
-- civilian journals,
-- Army regulations,
-- field manuals,
-- trainer's guides,
-- Army training and evaluation programs.
or
Required reading includes--
-- civilian journals, contractor literature, and
reference books;
-- Army regulations;
-- field manuals;
-- trainer's guides;
-- Army training and evaluation programs.
Figure 7-2. Laundry list examples.
7-43. Ellipses. To indicate a long pause or to show that
words have been omitted from a quotation, use three
ellipsis points [. . .] separated by spacing.
FM 100-5 emphasizes ". . .tactical flexibility. . .
and initiative among subordinates. . . ."
7-44. Dashes. In typescript do not add a space before,
between, or after two hyphens used to represent a dash,
for example:
Two members--the chairman and the secretary--
will attend.
Note: In typeset each set of dashes will be converted to
an em dash.
7-45. That is and for example. Do not separate that
is and for example phrases from the rest of the sentence
with semicolons. Set these phrases off with commas.
We will agree, for example, in the matter of the
acquisition. [phrase]
but
We will follow these orders; that is, we will
prepare the site immediately. [independent clause]
7-46. Adjectives. Hyphenate a compound that is a
predicate adjective and an adjective that does not appear
in normal syntactical position in front of the noun:
The negotiations were high-powered.
The mechanic needed three wrenches: 1-inch,
1/4-inch, 1/8-inch.
